class variable, which is converted from ݕ based on a threshold and is also binary.

ݔଵ

ݔଶ

y

ݕො

Z

4

1

1

9.75

1

2

4

1

8.17

1

2

3

1

7.22

1

3

6

1

12.2

1

4

4

1

12.6

1

9

10

2

29.2

2

6

8

2

20.7

2

9

5

2

24.5

2

8

7

2

24.2

2

10

8

2

29.6

2

alculated mean vectors for this data are shown below,

ቀ^3.0

3.6

8.4

7.6^ቁ

covariance matrix for each class can be calculated using the

g equation,

ܵ௞ൌ෍൫ܠ௡^௞െ࢛௞൯

ே

௡ୀଵ

൫ܠ௡^௞െ࢛௞൯

௧

(3.11)

estimated covariance matrices are shown below,

ܵଵൌቀ^1.0

െ0.5

െ0.5

3.3 ^ቁ

ܵଶൌቀ^2.30

െ0.05

െ0.05

3.30 ^ቁ

d on covariance matrices of both classes, a within-class scatter

n be calculated using the equation shown below,